Ahoks imprisonment serves as testimony to the power and changed nature of propaganda and social movement, and to the danger that these powerful tools have when they are used rapidly and with little opportunity for oversight, consideration, and fact-checking. In 2016 relations between Russia and Turkey became friendly, and the torrent of anti-Turkish disinformation quicky ceased. [9] In the US, it is often associated with the American Democratic Party. A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion. Finally, he warns of how effective political messaging on social media may be dangerous, and how it can result in an ever-increasing difficulty for citizens to differentiate between news, propaganda, and opinions (p. 37). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Data used was drawn from the period between July and October 2017, although general trends were also assessed. Premised on large-scale industrial production and domestic consumerism in the core, underpinned by ongoing colonial and postcolonial expropriation in the periphery, this regime internalized social reproduction through state and corporate provision of social welfare. Key Findings. Until 2017, the, The Romanian constitution declares freedom of religion, but all recognized religious denominations remain to some extent state-funded. Despite being mostly secular, it is normal to see religious symbols (such as crucifixes) in State facilities (hospitals, schools, courts, police stations). In the world of social media disinformation, it may not be obvious who is colonizing whom. Social media has completely changed this; the Internet has effectively allowed nearly anyone to create and spread their own propaganda for their own purposes, with the potential for massive virality and impact. After more than twenty years, Questia is discontinuing operations as of Monday, December 21, 2020. That propaganda spread rapidly through social media, acting as the spark that mobilized thousands of people to take to the streets in protests that were easily and spontaneously planned with improved technology and communication. Articles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of Constitution; Constitutional Court's Decision n. 203/1989, The Swedish head of state must according to the, The birth of Malaysia: A reprint of the Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962 (Cobbold report) and the Report of the Inter-governmental Committee, (1962I.G.C. Although there is obvious good in breaking the governments former monopoly on propaganda and in tools like social media making organizing and protesting easier than ever, theres also the possibility for increased disinformation, chaos, and abuse. As regards the labour market, active policies are less important than in the Nordic model and in spite of a low membership rate, trade-unions have important decision-making powers in collective agreements. Fitoussi J.P. and O. Passet (2000): Reformes structurelles et politiques macroconomiques: les enseignements des modles de pays, en Reduction du chmage: les russites en Europe. Government social media in Indonesia: Just another information dissemination tool. The Indonesian government isnt completely innocent of sponsoring their own propaganda. Although secular states have no state religion, the absence of an established state religion does not mean that a state is completely secular or egalitarian. A valence issue is a social problem that people uniformly interpret the same way. Like the other principles in the Declaration of Independence, this phrase is Heres a new one. Researchers do a deep dive into the jump in a Texas school district's grade assigned by the state. But the examples cited focus on the rise of right-wing and would-be authoritarian outsiders, even in China where the authors say the government largely tolerates online activities of Chinese ultranationalists. They arent the owners of the technologies, but they dont have to be. CNN. Ahyar and Alfitri explain that alternative groups have come to harness propaganda: In the Reformation era in Indonesia, propaganda is also often done not only by the government, but also by social movements that echo multiple identities; be it a primordial identity of ethnicity, religion, political ideology and profession (p. 12-13). Social movements need less planning, promotion, and organization to be successful. The latter can include humanitarian aid and military intervention. As if we didnt know this: propaganda can work. Idris makes it clear which of these aims the Indonesia government is pursing. Who could argue with that? Instead, trade unions have smaller decision-making powers than in the previous models, this is one of the reasons explaining their higher income dispersion and their higher number of low-wage employments. The report seems to be written for an audience that may not know what an algorithm isalthough the initial explanation of algorithms as calculations coded in computer software and opinions embedded in mathematics is unlikely to be of much help. Automation, Algorithms, and Politics| Bots and Political Influence: A Sociotechnical Investigation of Social Network Capital. International Journal of Communication 10 (0): 20. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6271. Dept. The weakest point of Ansiss analysis comes from her failure to interrogate the term lone wolf terrorists. However, in the same Constitution, in Article 44, item 2, it is mentioned: "1 Freedom of conscience and the free profession and practice of religion are, subject to public order and morality, guaranteed to every citizen". Interestingly, Schmidt-Felzmann says, Russian attempts to establish Nordic platforms for its news operations Sputnik and RT failed less than a year after their launch in 2015. Indonesia has taken several steps to attempt to counter extremist propaganda online, largely in the form of websites offering counter-narratives and promoting peacefulness (p. 202). Cambridge Analyticas use of highly targeted advertising has caused outrage worldwide. Elections are too important to just say oh well, free speech and free markets, I guess we cant do anything about political disinformation. Some of these recommendations might make a difference in reducing disinformation in political campaigns today. Blanchard, O. There seems to be more to gain from putting significant resources towards the small number of individuals who are able to be flipped than there is in mass recruitment tactics that will fall largely on deaf ears. The authors term this post-democracy: (t)he breakdown of core processes of political representation, along with declining authority of institutions and public officials (p.127). They argue that declining confidence in democratic institutions makes citizens more inclined to believe false information and narratives, and spread them more broadly on social media. Ansis says, Many of the selfie photos of young jihadists express their happiness. Because movements can be planned and executed more easily, they need less hierarchical structure to form and continue. In short, he describes a media ecosystem in which power is held by very few people with ties to other powerful people, working towards a future with less and less competition, all of which can contribute to increased media bias. Jungherr, Schroeder, and Stier say the advent of the digital media fundamentally changed the political playing field by allowing outsiders to bypass the traditional gatekeepers and established institutions. May God direct and sustain me". Johansson, Anders C., 2016. But the same kinds of personal data and persuasive technologies are being used by the propagandistic actors in the scenarios described in this project. Secularity can be established at a state's creation (e.g., the Soviet Union, the United States) or by it later secularizing (e.g., France or Nepal). Any analysis of the actions and attitudes of governments and other informational actors will inevitably be shaped by the values and views of the authors. Social services are a range of public services intended to provide support and assistance towards particular groups, which commonly include the disadvantaged. More than Just Disinformation: Russias Information Operations in the Nordic Region. In Information Warfare. Cambridge Analyticas use of highly targeted advertising has caused outrage worldwide. And finally, transparency in the financing of organizations and people behind political messages might limit the activities of truly bad actors. Essentially, critical digital literacy is to computer or technical literacy what reading comprehension is to literacy. After the downing of a Russian jet by the Turkish air force in 2015, Russias propaganda massaging in Turkey did a 180-degree turn and began targeting the Turkish government and its foreign policy, claiming that Turkey was supporting ISIS, violating international law, and committing war crimes. [2] Daniel Deudney and John Ikenberry have also associated liberal internationalism with foreign policy ideas promoted by Franklin D. These differences can be summarised as follows: Evaluating the different choices is a hard task. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2018-3404-20, Bashyakarla, V. (2019). , reveal the targeted nature of their recruiting efforts. Perhaps more importantly, the five Nordic countries have strong relationships with both NATO and the EU although only Iceland, Denmark, and Norway are NATO members. Iraq became a secular state in 1932 after its independence. Article 31, item 4 establishes that every member of the Council of State supports the following declaration: "In the presence of Almighty God I do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as a member of the Council of State". Next, he explains the culture of social media in Indonesia, and the effect its had on political messaging and campaigning. 1967. ), and the purpose of the content. The jihadists use this strategy to give a picture that they are powerful and own many weapons (p. 196). Hate spin politics seems to be the weaponization of identity politics and emotion in the digital political sphere, using religion, nationality, sexuality, and other identity markers to turn people against each other. In the Preamble it is mentioned, "In the Name of the Most Holy Trinity, from Whom is all authority and to Whom, as our final end, all actions both of men and States must be referred, We, the people of ire, Humbly acknowledging all our obligations to our Divine Lord, Jesus Christ, Who sustained our fathers through centuries of trial". 2016. 2012. As other researchers have argued, Bennett and Livingston say Russias disinformation activities are geostrategic, aimed at undermining NATO and the cohesiveness of democratic nations who oppose the expansion of Russias power. In Western and Asian cultures, the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive their due from society. In addition, liberal internationalists are dedicated towards encouraging democracy to emerge globally. [10], Some of the European welfare states have been described as the most well developed and extensive. It might also be worth noting that some of the propaganda messages deployed by Russia in Turkey, such as the message that Ukraine is a corrupt nation, are mirrored in tweets by the U.S. president. Its not enough for users to be able to use a computer and navigate the Internet; there needs to be a solid understanding of what theyre seeing and why, including who might have produced content and how it came to be presented to that user. It is doubtful whether overt direct state funding of religions is in accordance with the European Convention on Human Rights. 2017. The big and beautiful U.S.-Mexico border wall that became a key campaign issue for Donald Trump is getting a makeover thanks to the Biden administration, but a critic of the current president says dirty politics is behind the decision. Idris (2018) examines this possibility for two-way communication between government entities and individuals in Indonesia using social media, finding that two-way communication is much more of a social media ideal than a reality. Social justice is justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society. Facebook and Twitter it means trigger the emotions of people to keep them scrolling, clicking, liking, and sharing for as long as humanly possible without literally dying of dehydration (my wording) and preferably in many sessions per person per day. Liberal internationalism states that, through multilateral organizations such as the United Nations, it is possible to avoid the worst excesses of "power politics" in relations between nations. Amid rising prices and economic uncertaintyas well as deep partisan divisions over social and political issuesCalifornians are processing a great deal of information to help them choose state constitutional officers and Indonesias government is to hold public fake news briefings every week. He describes issues with Indonesias print and television media, starting with their vulnerability to being completely controlled by just a few elite members of society, i.e. Indonesian government officials are keenly aware of the problem computational propaganda presents, taking significant steps to counter fake news spread. 5.3 Even More Ordinal Information: Scores and Grades The experiment rested on a number of student volunteers who set up new Twitter accounts, and were asked to use specific hashtags while tweeting about certain events. But Georgia fought back with its own extensive counterinformation campaign, and ultimately won the battle for international support. Dean Scream Becomes Online Hit, January 23, 2004.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3422809.stm. The main characteristic of labour market policies is a rigid employment protection legislation and a frequent resort to early retirement policies as a means to improve employment conditions. The phrase gives three examples of the unalienable rights which the Declaration says have been given to all humans by their Creator, and which governments are created to protect. In this case, the graph on the right shows that the Anglosaxon and Nordic models are more efficient than the Continental or Mediterranean ones. The scale of the topic meant we could attain these goals only by adding the words scratch the surface to the above. 2004. Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. Sapir (2005) proposes as a general mean to evaluate the different social models, the following two criteria: As can be seen in the graph, according to these two criteria, the best performance is achieved by the Nordic model. In this 2018 study published in the European Journal of Communication, W. Lance Bennett and Steven Livingston trace the roots of online political disinformation affecting democratic nations. Trade unions have a high membership and an important decision-making power which induces a low wage dispersion or more equitable income distribution. Its interesting that the authors cite Barack Obamas use of digital media in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but fail to mention Howard Deans innovations in 2004. California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast.With nearly 39.2 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km 2), it is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area. As we see in other research, social media is an important channel for the spread of disinformation and participatory propaganda. In Western and Asian cultures, the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive their due from society. Social entities as products of God and Nature: Other early modern philosophers root the social world in the naturalboth in divine commandment and in human nature. These welfare programs differ from entitlement programs like Medicare and Social Security. This includes fake news created and spread on social media, bot networks driving attention to and changing conversation around particular issues, and the groups who organize these campaigns of disinformation. Sapiie, M.A. Russian state actors directed cyberattacks to shut down Crimeas telecommunications and websites, and to jam the mobile phones of key Ukrainian officials. Her definition of computational propaganda encompasses much of the fake news crisis currently rattling the United States, as well as other countries. The six major welfare programs are EITC, housing assistance, Medicaid, SNAP, SSI, and TANF. n.d. The Overton Window. Accessed October 7, 2019.http://www.mackinac.org/OvertonWindow. Liberal internationalism is a foreign policy doctrine that argues two main points: first, that international organizations should achieve multilateral agreements between states that uphold rules-based norms and promote liberal democracy, and, second, that liberal international organizations can intervene in other states in order to pursue liberal objectives. The authors were also hampered by a lack of financial resources needed to create and purchase bots at great scale, and by legal and ethical concerns. Russia isnt the only country sponsoring propaganda or attempting to influence the political activity of other countries. But regardless of failure to reach our original ambition, we achieved some unexpected things. We began this project with somewhat lofty goals. And on the Internet those extensions are interconnected by a global network of devices that can send and receive information literally at the speed of light, extending our central nervous system itself in a global embrace, abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned (McLuhan 1964). Questia. The Mediterranean countries have chosen a higher "employment" protection while a very low share of their unemployed workers receives unemployment benefits. Since 1992, these denominations have also maintained a monopoly on the sale of religious merchandise, which includes all candles except decorative candles and candles for marriage and baptism. Countering Terrorist Narratives: Winning the Hearts and Minds of Indonesian Millennials. http://archive.pressthink.org/2003/09/18/jennings.html. In this case the accounts may have already established considerable social capital in the form of followers, likes, and retweets, and thus have greater reach on Twitter. 27996/06 and 34836/06) found a violation of the non-discrimination overarching right, Articles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of the Constitution of Italy; Constitutional Court's Decision n. 203/1989, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDodd2003 (. Director of Information, Union of Burma, 1956, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Female genital mutilation laws by country, religious references in their national anthems and flags, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Department of Islamic Development Malaysia, First Amendment to the United States Constitution, "Religious charities: Faith, funding and the state", Central African Republic's Constitution of 2016, "Constitution de la Rpublique dmocratique du Congo", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Equatorial Guinea", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eritrea", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eswatini", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ethiopia", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Gabon", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Gambia", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ghana", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lesotho", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Liberia", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Malawi", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mozambique", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Niger", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nigeria", Rwanda's Constitution of 2003 with Amendments through 2015, Sao Tome and Principe's Constitution of 1975 with Amendments through 2003, Senegal's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2016, "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sierra Leone", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: South Africa", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: South Sudan", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sudan", Tanzania (United Republic of)'s Constitution of 1977 with Amendments through 2005, Togo's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2007, "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uganda", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Zimbabwe", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Antigua and Barbuda", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Argentina", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bahamas", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Barbados", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Belize", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bolivia", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brazil", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Canada", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Chile", "El Influjo del Principio de Laicidad en el Constitucionalismo Colombiano", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cuba", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Dominica", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Dominican Republic", "Articles 1, 11, 26, and 66.8 of the Ecuadorian Constitution", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: El Salvador", "2009-2017 Report on International Religious Freedom: Grenada", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Guatemala", Guyana's Constitution of 1980 with Amendments through 2016, "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Haiti", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Honduras", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Jamaica", Mexico's Constitution of 1917 with Amendments through 2015, "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nicaragua", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Paraguay", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Panama", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Peru", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saint Kitts and Nevis", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saint Lucia", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Suriname", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Trinidad and Tobago", "Religion and the US Constitution: The First Amendment", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Venezuela", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: People's Republic of China", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Indonesia", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Israel", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: South Korea", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Laos", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mongolia", "Article II Section 6 of the Constitution of the Philippines", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Taiwan", "Introduction Secular State and Pious Muslims", "Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uzbekistan", "National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution", "The consolidated text of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia as of 15 January 2014", Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms, "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Finland", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Germany", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Hungary", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lithuania", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Moldova", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Netherlands", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Poland", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Romania", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Switzerland", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kiribati", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Marshall Islands", "Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nauru", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: New Zealand", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Palau", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Papua New Guinea", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Solomon Islands", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vanuatu", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Armenia", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cyprus", "Kazakhstan's Constitution of 1995 with Amendments through 2017", "The Constitution of Russian Federation - Chapter 1. The first method was to fully create their own bots; the second method was to purchase bots from. As the civil rights movement and dismantling of Jim Crow laws in the 1950s and 1960s visibly deepened existing racial tensions in much of the Southern United States, [9] In recent years, some have questioned whether the European social model is sustainable in the face of low birthrates, globalisation, Europeanisation and an ageing population. However, its unclear how effective this approach can be. His few words on propaganda are also useful, explaining how media exists primarily as a mode of disseminating propaganda when being viewed from the lens of framing theory, among others. These welfare programs differ from entitlement programs like Medicare and Social Security. According to Iasiello, the 2014 Crimean annexation was a case study in the use of social media to control messaging and sow discord among the Ukrainian population and the international community. Nonetheless, the last 250 years has seen a trend towards secularism.[13][14]. Not including Social Security and Medicare, Congress allocated almost $717 billion in federal funds in 2010 plus $210 billion was allocated in state funds ($927 billion total) for means tested welfare programs in the United States, of which half was for medical care and roughly 40% for cash, food and housing assistance.Some of these programs include Many contemporary U.S. social welfare policies have roots in the New Deal programs of the 1930s, which were responses to the Great Depression. KnE Social Sciences & Humanities,2019, 323-338. While news reports could have been helpful in providing the most recent accounts of political disinformation, we decided to avoid possible issues of journalistic story framing. Key Findings. The researchers used two methods to deploy the bots. 1974. The authors refer to this dynamic as the disinformation-amplification-reverberation (DAR) cycle.. "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" is a well-known phrase in the United States Declaration of Independence. Finally, attempting to compare propaganda activities in very different countries runs the risk of perpetuating our own received colonial narratives, casting some as the villain and others as the innocent victim. McLuhan, Marshall, Quentin Fiore, and Jerome Agel. We wanted to develop a comparative analysis of the impact of social media influence on the behavior and governance of the people in the regions examined; to understand how similar forces manifest in different ways in different cultures and political conditions; and to contribute to existing literature on social media disinformation and make it more accessible. This is the list of countries that are explicitly described as secular in their constitutions or other official state documents. As the civil rights movement and dismantling of Jim Crow laws in the 1950s and 1960s visibly deepened existing racial tensions in much of the Southern United States, Governments no longer have a monopoly on mass information (or disinformation) spreading. The second unexpected thing was a clear correlation between propagandistic messages sponsored by state actors, and changes in the political rhetoric of those targeted. [8] The UK also maintains seats in the House of Lords for 26 senior clergymen of the Church of England, known as the Lords Spiritual. [10] Some liberal-leaning neoconservatives shifted towards liberal internationalism in the 2010s. A position issue is a social problem in which the popular opinion among society is divided. Ross Perot, a billionaire businessman, ran as an independent candidate in 1992, winning about 19 percent of the popular vote. Robert Filmer, a seventeenth century monarchist, argues in Patriarcha (1680) that the state is a family. But the use of hijacked accounts violates Twitters terms of service, may be illegal, and would never be approved by university ethics authorities. Just like much of the rest of the world, Indonesia is facing a crisis of fake news and bot network infiltration on social media, leading to rampant propaganda, mass belief of disinformation, and not fully understood effects on voters that may affect them deeply enough to alter election results. In American politics, the Southern strategy was a Republican Party electoral strategy to increase political support among white voters in the South by appealing to racism against African Americans. Its likely that we failed in that as well, but the primary sources we selected are generally representative of the existing body of research. 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