By 1968, the Soviet Union had amassed a nuclear weapon arsenal equal to that of the United States; the days of American military superiority were over. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. Despite widespread support, the Equal Rights Amendment, or ERA, as it was called, failed to secure ratification in a sufficient number of states. Even as women moved into nontraditional jobs and many companies established new jobtraining programs and opened day care centers for working mothers, disparities in pay for men and women doing the same job remained significant. American diplomat and U.S. ambassador President Jimmy Carter (1924) refused to be blackmailed into returning the shah, who eventually died in Egypt in 1980. No one in the conspiracy was willing to take the blame for the crime, and eventually Woodward and Bernstein raised the following questions: What did the president know, and when did he know it? Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. January 25, 2008. In 1973, however, it was revealed that an attempt to suppress knowledge of the connection between the Watergate affair and CRP involved highly placed members of the White House staff. Through affirmative action programs, employers were expected to make every effort to hire and promote minority workers, and a similar approach was taken to increase minority enrollment in higher education. Vice President Gerald R. Ford then became the thirty-eighth president of the United States (Ford had assumed the office when former Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned in October 1973 after he had pleaded guilty to income-tax evasion). it would have become the largest union in America. TWENTY years after John F. Kennedy was assassinated, a public opinion poll indicated that he was rated best overall of, The 1970s Government, Politics, and Law: Headline Makers, The 1970s Government, Politics, and Law: For More Information, The 1970s Government, Politics, and Law: Chronology, The 1970s Education: For More Information, The 1970s Business and the Economy: Topics in the News, The 1970s Business and the Economy: Overview, The 1970s Business and the Economy: Headline Makers, The 1970s Business and the Economy: For More Information, The 1970s Business and the Economy: Chronology, The 1970s Arts and Entertainment: Topics in the News, The 1970s Arts and Entertainment: Overview, The 1970s Arts and Entertainment: Headline Makers, The 1970s Arts and Entertainment: For More Information, The 1970s Arts and Entertainment: Chronology, The 1969 Moon Landing: First Humans to Walk on Another World, The 1970s Government, Politics, and Law: Topics in the News, The 1970s Lifestyles and Social Trends: Chronology, The 1970s Lifestyles and Social Trends: For More Information, The 1970s Lifestyles and Social Trends: Headline Makers, The 1970s Lifestyles and Social Trends: Overview, The 1970s Lifestyles and Social Trends: Topics in the News, The 1970s Medicine and Health: Chronology, The 1970s Medicine and Health: For More Information, The 1970s Medicine and Health: Headline Makers, The 1970s Medicine and Health: Topics in the News, The 1970s Science and Technology: Chronology, The 1970s Science and Technology: For More Information, The 1970s Science and Technology: Headline Makers, The 1970s Science and Technology: Overview, The 1970s Science and Technology: Topics in the News. In 1950, after his election to the U.S. Senate, he became a national political star for his incessant hounding of Alger Hiss, a former State Department official, accusing Hiss of being a communist and a Soviet spy. This intersectionality was a main component of politics in the 1960s and 1970s, and one of the themes I sought to explore with my brief oral history of Mary Larkin, a Lakota-Sioux-Ukrainian woman currently living in South Dakota, and part-time on the Pine Ridge Reservation near her home. As the war in Vietnam came to an end, new social causes came to the fore, especially environmentalism. It had also ended the racebased restrictions on immigration from Asia, and these changes in the law were immediately reflected in the '70s statistics that showed the overwhelming majority of legal immigrants to the United States coming from Asia and Latin America. Then McCorvey met Linda Coffee, a young attorney concerned about feminist issues. National revulsion at this act led to serious disorders at many universities and forced some of them to close for the remainder of the term. With the Supreme Court ruling against him and the House about to vote on his impeachment, Nixon was trapped and he knew it. Industrial production declined, as did the stock market. McCord informed Judge Sirica that members of the Nixon administration had committed perjury (lied under oath) during his criminal trial. Further antiwar demonstrations followed the 1971 U.S. invasion of Laos and Nixons decision to resume intensive bombing of North Vietnam in 1972. On the other hand, protests against . Additionally, La Raza Unida (The United People) party, which was founded in Texas in 1970, promoted MexicanAmerican candidates for political office in the Southwest and West. At this time in the United States, abortion laws varied from state to state. Often, he used SAVAK, his harsh secret police force, to put down any rebellion. In March 1973, the last American combat soldiers left South Vietnam. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Nixon rejected their requests, claiming the tapes were private property. In 1968, Wallace ran as an independent candidate for president on his own American Independent Party ticket. His own paranoid need to protect himself with secret tapes gave his enemies the tools to undermine him. He signed SALT in a highly publicized visit to Moscow in May 1972, the presidential election year. In the 1970s, Conrad was among cartoonists who chronicled Nixon's troubles during his presidential demise via the Watergate scandal. While many have seen the 1970s as simply a period of failures epitomized by Watergate, inflation, the oil crisis, global unrest, and disillusionment with military efforts in Vietnam, Thomas Borstelmann creates a new framework for understanding the period . This section contains 2,340 words. In 1978, the Supreme Court limited the use of numerical quotas but recognized that race could be used as one of the factors in admissions policies of colleges and universities. Officials from the United States and North Vietnam had begun peace negotiations in Paris in May 1968. Now, many wanted. The Democratic National Convention held at Miami Beach Convention Center in Florida on . In 1941, Muhammad Reza Pahlavi (19191980) became shah, or monarch, of Iran. In 1972 the Congress, with the support of the president, adopted a proposed constitutional amendment guaranteeing equal rights for women. More than four hundred universities and colleges shut down as a result of the protests. President Nixon had been elected in 1968 in part because he hinted that he had a plan to end the war and withdraw American troops from Vietnam "with honor." At the same time, diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and China had deteriorated; the two nations constantly fought along their shared border. In an effort to turn the tide of public opinion, Nixon released a 1,308-page edited transcript of the Watergate tapes on April 29, 1974. Nixon and Kissinger developed a policy of dtente (pronounced day-TONT; a lessening of hostility or tension between nations) toward the Soviet Union. FBI reports dealing with antiwar work carried out by the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), and their surveillance of antiwar student groups and Communist organizations. In 1953, with American help, the shah foiled his prime minister's plans to nationalize (put under government control) the property of foreign oil companies in Iran. U*X*L American Decades. For the United States, the war was officially over. The inmates quickly organized a negotiating team and drew up demands. Although the occupation attracted headlines, the government was already making considerable changes in its NativeAmerican policy. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"Jt3W5BWNVNxritf4e3YQzxsKxcim4f7REgfdskVLQ74-86400-0"}; U*X*L American Decades. However, in 1976, in Planned Parenthood v. Danforth, the Supreme Court struck down these consent provisions as too restrictive of a woman's right to an abortion. It won all six matches and scored 19 goals on its way . They had been working together for common interests. The Court decreed that the decision to have an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy, known as the first trimester, was a choice to be made privately between a woman and her doctor. Debates about school busing and school desegregation were conducted in courtrooms and in the streets. Working as a waitress in a bar, she had little money and nowhere to go. All across America people protested against Nixon's idea. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Knowing the American public would not stand for another decade of war, Nixon realized victory in Vietnam was nearly impossible. In the 1970s, one encouraging development in American foreign policy was the thaw of the cold war (period of extreme political tension between the United States and the Soviet Union following World War II). Before triangular diplomacy could work, military competition and political tension between the United States and the Soviet Union had to be reduced. In 1976, the antiabortion movement persuaded the U.S. Congress to pass the so-called Hyde amendment to the Medicaid funding bill, which forbade the use of federal funds to pay for an abortion except when a woman's life was in danger. Watergate. Businesswomen pointed to the existence of a glass ceiling, meaning that women could go so far up the corporate ladder but no farther. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. The country celebrated the first "Earth Day" on April 22, 1970, and while the environmental movement was successful in raising awareness about the need to protect the environment, it did not win all of its political battles. Born in 1947, Mary grew up in Chicago and South Dakota. Collections include "St. Louis Lesbian and Gay Archives; Collection, 1972-1992" and others, Located on the campus of University of Missouri -St. Louis. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Confined to a wheelchair, Wallace made another bid for the presidency in 1976, but his fragile health and his ultra-conservative views brought a quick end to his campaign. The decade was marked by environmental protection, racial equality, Nixon's. In the end, the most important audience for the trip was the millions of American voters waiting to cast their ballots in the fall election; Nixon was reelected by a landslide. This decade saw Americans continue to push for change while their country was troubled by one of its greatest scandals ever. Ford Presidential Library 1. Collections below are from the Modern Graphic History Library, contact slacerte@WUSTL.EDU for more information. Period: Jan 1, 1970 to Dec 31, 1979. . The 1980 census revealed that the composition and distribution of American society was changing. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Clockwise from top left: U.S. President Richard Nixon doing the V for Victory sign after his resignation from office following the Watergate scandal in 1974; The United States was still involved in the Vietnam War in the early decade. The renewed bombing did not force the North Vietnamese back to the negotiating table. Concerned about publicity, McCorvey agreed to be a plaintiff (person who brings a lawsuit against another in a civil court) only if the lawsuit did not use her name. There was little the nation could do to alter its trade deficits or its dependence on foreign oil. in the 1970s, they opened battered women's shelters and successfully fought for protection from employment discrimination for pregnant women, reform of rape laws (such as the abolition of laws requiring a witness to corroborate a woman's report of rape), criminalization of domestic violence, and funding for schools that sought to counter sexist Admitting that his past racial views had been wrong, Wallace won with the support of many of the state's African American voters. These advocates called themselves pro-choice. The upheavals of the 1970s the Watergate cover-up, defeat in Vietnam, racial conflict, and economic convulsions formed the contours of today's polarization, argue Princeton historians Kevin M. Kruse and Julian E. Zelizer. While the Roe v. Wade decision prevented states from outlawing abortions, it did not require that states pay for them. But as Lee . In fact, in 1970, about a dozen women had their seat in Congress. The SALT talks, designed to limit the nuclear-arms race, formally began between the two countries in November 1969 and continued throughout most of the 1970s. Three other retirements enabled Nixon to appoint a total of four moderate or conservative justices. The Water Pollution Control Act amendments of 1972 imposed similar requirements for water pollution. Immediately following his second inauguration, after one of the greatest electoral victories in American history, Nixon was fighting for his political life. Nixon considered the use of nuclear weapons in Vietnam impossible. Together with the SALT accords, these agreements advanced dtente and enhanced Nixon's image as a peacemaker. A third political change that occurred during that decade was caused by the Vietnam War. President Richard M. Nixon recognized that the enormous military spending of the United States and the Soviet Union was bankrupting both countries. The Energy Crisis and the Transformation of American Politics in the 1970s by. However, the direction of this political force, as well as the media and scholarly attention it receives, has ebbed and flowed. 8 Nov. 2022 . Join WatchMojo.com as we count . 3.77 avg rating 75 ratings. Congress also expanded social security and federally subsidized housing. A scandal surfaced in June 1972, when five men were arrested for breaking into the Democratic national headquarters at the Watergate office-apartment building in Washington. In 1980, the Supreme Court upheld the Hyde amendment. He hoped this would lessen the possibility of confronting the Soviets on the battlefield. State officials refused a complete amnesty from criminal prosecution for the riot and the removal of the prison superintendent. The Iran hostage crisis came to an end on the day of President Reagan's inauguration, January 20, 1981, after the United States released almost eight billion dollars in frozen Iranian assets. Guardsmen tried in vain to disperse the students, who threw rocks and yelled obscenities. They sought improved relations with the Soviet Union to make possible reductions in military strength while at the same time enhancing American security. During his time in the House, Nixon portrayed himself as the champion of the common man, hardworking and patriotic. Believing the proposal amounted to a surrender, Thieu rejected it, and negotiations broke down again on December 17. This incident aroused strong protest; student demonstrations at Kent State University in Ohio led on May 4 to a confrontation with troops of the Ohio National Guard, who fired on the students without orders, killing four and wounding several others. The inmates refused to accept. On May 9, 1974, the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives began hearing evidence relating to a possible impeachment proceeding. Many supporters of abortion restrictions were shocked by the decision establishing a right to abortion. Meg Jacobs. He hoped it would accomplish two objectives: reduce the level of domestic opposition to the war in Vietnam by returning American soldiers and maintain foreign credibility by upholding U.S. support for an ally. But a nearly fatal assassination attempt during his campaign ended his dreams of wielding power in the White House. Its military power was shown to be less dominant, and its economic pressure was shown to be less effective. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. Advertisement White House chief of staff H. R. Haldeman, domestic-policy assistant John Ehrlichman, presidential counsel John Dean, and Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resigned on April 30, 1973. Prison conditions and overcrowding were considered more of a problem at the end of the 1970s than they were at the time of the Attica riot. McCorvey's mother had taken custody of the child. By 1990, Cuba was the region's only remaining true dictatorship. in the absence of a face-saving peace treaty, troop withdrawal would appear to be surrender. The women's movement. TRENDING. Here's a look at nine of the biggest political scandals in U.S. history. The decade found Americans as troubled by domestic issues as by foreign affairs. Women continued to campaign, with mixed success, for both political and economic equality through such organizations as the National Organization for Women (NOW) and the National Women's Political Caucus (1971). Tensions between the North and the South remained, and military actions continued. But he was unable to win release of the hostages through diplomatic means. Many things have occurred to ensure that. Furthermore, the South Vietnamese army, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), fought poorly, if it fought at all, despite receiving nearly $900 million in aid and a generous supply of military hardware from America each year. 1970s America. 8 pages at 300 words per page) It was a time of change because of several reasons. . By 1972, only 133,000 U.S. soldiers remained in South Vietnam. Those who supported a woman's right to abortion insisted that they were not necessarily in favor of abortion but of the right of a woman to choose for herself whether she should bear a child. Nixon attempted to stop the investigation by firing Cox, leading Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William D. Ruckelshaus to resign. Read full overview | Go to first item 14 exhibition items View all Muhammad Ali speaks at UCLA The fall of South Vietnam created a refugee crisis of major proportions, and 500,000 South Vietnamese entered the country in the last half of the decade. The cost of living continued to rise, until by June 1970 it was 30 percent above the 1960 level. 1970s Money Politics War American Dream Crisis of Confidence economy gas crisis inflation Jimmy Carter Oil President Gerald Ford President Kennedy Richard Nixon United States Vietnam Watergate 7 Events in the 1970s Which Led to the American "Crisis of Confidence" The NAM currently has 120 members, mainly including 'developing' countries. The Democrats and the U.S. Congress also wanted to know the answer to these questions. . He revealed the existence of a secret recording system installed in the White House. It affected popular culture, education, and politics. They also demanded the return of billions of dollars the shah alleged took with him when he fled Iran. Series 02 includes unusual pamphlets and publications from China, Cuba, Laos, Sri Lanka, North Korea and elsewhere (in English) along with anti-war publications from independent newspapers in the USA (most dating from the 1960s and 1970s), St. Louis crime newspaper from circa 1950 - present - See Box 2 for items dating 1971-1979, Includes comic books, periodicals, pulp magazines, graphic novels, manga, foreign-language comics, and self-published magazines (1945-2005), Call Number: HOF4-5,etc. Spiro T. Agnew resigned after pleading no contest to charges of income tax evasion. The same factors accounted for increasing illegal immigration during the decade, particularly from Mexico and Central and South America, a trend that continued into the 1980s. 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